Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer develops from the abnormal growth of the cells that line the ovaries, two small organs located on either side of the uterus, responsible for the production of eggs and hormones. It is a disease that is often silent in its early stages, which is why it is frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage.
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On this page
- What Is Ovarian Cancer?
- What Are the Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer?
- How Is Ovarian Cancer Diagnosed?
- How Is Ovarian Cancer Treated?
What Is Ovarian Cancer?
Ovarian cancer originates from the abnormal proliferation of the cells that line the ovaries. When diagnosed early, it can be treated successfully, and five-year survival can exceed 90%. In the early stages, however, it may cause mild or nonspecific symptoms that are often mistaken for common abdominal or urinary disorders.
Currently, there is no population-wide screening. However, regular gynecological checkups and, when indicated, transvaginal ultrasound are important tools for the early detection of possible abnormalities.
What Are the Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer?
The symptoms of ovarian cancer can be vague and nonspecific, but their persistence over time should be evaluated by a specialist.
The most common include:
- Bowel changes – constipation, diarrhea, or thinner stools when the tumor compresses the intestine.
- Frequent need to urinate – an ovarian mass may put pressure on the bladder.
- Pain or a feeling of heaviness in the back, pelvis, or abdomen – often related to tumor growth or pressure on nearby organs.
- Abdominal bloating (ascites) – may be due to the accumulation of fluid in the pelvis or abdomen.
- Decreased appetite and early satiety – sometimes accompanied by nausea.
- Persistent fatigue – may result from the disease itself or from reduced food intake.
The presence of one or more symptoms does not necessarily indicate cancer, but if they occur daily for several weeks, a medical evaluation is recommended.
How Is Ovarian Cancer Diagnosed?
The diagnosis of ovarian cancer requires a specialist evaluation and may include:
- Gynecological examination.
- Transvaginal ultrasound – essential for assessing the ovaries and pelvis.
- Blood tests – including markers such as CA-125 (when appropriate).
- CT scan or MRI of the abdomen and pelvis – to assess the extent of the disease.
- Diagnostic laparoscopy – in some cases, to confirm the presence of cancer and determine its stage.
How Is Ovarian Cancer Treated?
The treatment of ovarian cancer depends on the stage, the spread of the tumor, and the patient’s overall health. It may include:
- Surgery – generally the first step, aimed at removing the tumor and affected tissues.
- Chemotherapy – often performed after surgery, and in some cases, before surgery.
- Targeted therapy – treatments that act on specific molecular alterations.
- Immunotherapy – strengthens the immune response against cancer cells.
- Endocrine therapy – in selected cases, to slow the growth of hormone-sensitive cells.
Reviewed January 2026.