Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
Editor’s Note: This article was originally published on 19 July 2023 and updated on 3 February 2026.
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide. Although the exact cause is not yet fully understood, numerous studies have identified several breast cancer risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing the disease.
It is important to remember that the presence of risk factors does not automatically mean that breast cancer will develop. Likewise, the absence of known risk factors does not guarantee protection. Many women diagnosed with breast cancer have no identifiable risk factors.
Adopting a healthy lifestyle and participating in breast cancer screening programs can help reduce overall risk.
Non-Modifiable Risk Factors
Some breast cancer risk factors cannot be changed, including:
- Age: The risk of breast cancer increases with age.
- Family history: A family history of breast cancer may increase individual risk.
- Inherited genetic mutations: Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes significantly increase the risk of breast cancer and other related cancers.
- Personal history of breast cancer Having had breast cancer previously increases the risk of developing it again.
- Breast density: Higher breast tissue density is associated with a slightly increased risk and can make abnormalities harder to detect during imaging tests.
- Late menopause: Entering menopause after the age of 55 is associated with a slightly higher risk.
Modifiable Risk Factors
Some risk factors can be influenced by lifestyle choices and behaviors:
- Alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol intake is associated with a higher risk of breast cancer.
- Breastfeeding: Prolonged breastfeeding may slightly reduce the risk of breast cancer.
- Exposure to ionizing radiation: Previous exposure, such as during radiation therapy, can increase risk.
- Hormone replacement therapy (HRT): Long-term use of HRT, especially combined estrogen-progestin therapy, may increase breast cancer risk.
- Overweight and obesity: Excess body weight increases risk, particularly after menopause.
- Physical inactivity: Lack of regular physical activity is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.
- Unbalanced diet: A diet high in saturated fats and low in fruits, vegetables, and fiber is linked to increased risk.
BRCA Gene Mutations
BRCA stands for BReast CAncer gene. Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are considered significant risk factors for the development of breast cancer and other cancers, including ovarian cancer. These genes produce proteins that help repair DNA damage and prevent harmful mutations.
Women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations may consider risk management strategies such as enhanced clinical surveillance, more frequent diagnostic tests, risk-reducing medications, or preventive surgery. It is essential to consult a physician or genetic counselor before undergoing genetic testing or making clinical decisions based on test results.
Breast Cancer Screening
Breast cancer screening is a diagnostic process aimed at detecting early signs of cancer, often before symptoms appear. Mammography is the most common screening test and can identify abnormalities at an early stage. In some cases, breast ultrasound or breast MRI may also be recommended, depending on individual clinical needs.
Regular participation in screening programs increases the likelihood of early diagnosis and improves clinical outcomes.
If you have any concerns, questions, or need to schedule examinations or a visit, our team of experts is here to assist you.
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