Diabetes and Remission: Interview with Dr. Grazia Pia Ricciardi, Endocrinologist
Diabetes is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide, with increasing incidence also in Italy. According to the Italian National Institute of Health, approximately 5% of the adult population has received a diagnosis of diabetes in recent years, although many individuals remain unaware of their condition. Globally, it is estimated that by 2045 one in ten people may develop the disease.
We discussed the topic with Dr. Grazia Pia Ricciardi, specialist in Endocrinology and Diabetology at UPMC Salvator Mundi International Hospital, to better understand what diabetes is and whether it can truly be placed into remission.
Dr. Ricciardi, could you briefly summarize the pathological condition implied by diabetes?
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that alters the way the body utilizes glucose. It is characterized by hyperglycemia, meaning elevated blood glucose levels, due either to insulin deficiency or to reduced insulin effectiveness.
It is frequently associated with other cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, overweight, and sedentary lifestyle. If uncontrolled, diabetes can damage multiple organs—including eyes, kidneys, heart, and nerves—and lead to severe complications such as stroke or myocardial infarction.
In Italy, we estimate that about one in three individuals with diabetes is unaware of their condition, which makes prevention even more critical.
What are the main types of diabetes?
Several forms exist:
- Type 1 Diabetes: The immune system destroys pancreatic β-cells responsible for insulin production. It is an autoimmune disease requiring lifelong daily insulin administration.
- Type 2 Diabetes: The most common form, often associated with age over 45, overweight, or obesity. The body produces insulin but does not use it effectively (insulin resistance).
- Gestational Diabetes: Occurs during pregnancy and requires careful monitoring.
- Secondary Diabetes: May arise following surgical procedures or pancreatic damage; in these cases, it is not reversible.
Can diabetes be a reversible condition?
Not all forms of diabetes are reversible. Type 1 diabetes cannot regress, but some individuals with type 2 diabetes may achieve remission. This means their blood glucose levels remain stable and within the normal range without pharmacological therapy, thanks to a combination of balanced nutrition, regular physical activity, and sustained weight control.
Dr. Ricciardi, does diabetes remission also require maintenance?
Yes. Remission must be carefully managed. Key measures include:
- Monitoring blood glucose levels and undergoing regular specialist check-ups.
- Maintaining a healthy body weight and an active lifestyle.
- Following a balanced diet, limiting refined carbohydrates, and favoring lean proteins (legumes, poultry, fish) and non-starchy vegetables.
- Managing stress and avoiding smoking.
How important is prevention?
Prevention is essential. Prediabetes is a silent but reversible condition if diagnosed early. Adopting a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical exercise, and periodically monitoring blood glucose are crucial strategies to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes.
Learn more about Endocrinology service at UPMC Salvator Mundi International Hospital.