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Hepatitis A, B, and C

Hepatitis is a liver infection that can be caused by different viruses, which are transmitted in different ways, or by other causes (autoimmune, metabolic, congenital, toxic).

On this page, we examine the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments for viral hepatitis A, B, and C.

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What Is Hepatitis A, B, and C?

Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that can be caused by:

  • Viral origin: An infection caused by different types of viruses.
  • Non-viral origin: Caused by excessive alcohol consumption, drugs, certain medications, toxic mushrooms and plants, or metabolic imbalances (e.g., obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol), or may have an autoimmune origin.

Viral hepatitis is a disease that can affect both adults and children, and if left untreated, may lead to fatal consequences. It can manifest acutely or become a chronic condition that contributes to other disorders such as metabolic and liver dysfunctions, hemorrhages, kidney failure, cirrhosis, and liver cancer.

Hepatitis A, B, and C are caused by different viruses and are transmitted in different ways:

  • Hepatitis A: Transmitted via the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food (e.g., shellfish, seafood) or water.
  • Hepatitis B: Spread through contact with bodily fluids (blood, semen, saliva) from infected individuals (e.g., during sexual intercourse or by sharing items like razors or toothbrushes). It can also be transmitted to the baby during childbirth if the mother is infected.
  • Hepatitis C: The most common form in Italy, transmitted mainly through blood and bodily fluids.

It’s important to know that hepatitis cannot be contracted simply by touching an infected person.

How to Prevent Hepatitis A, B, and C?

For Hepatitis A, in Italy, two types of vaccines are available. Vaccination is recommended for those who frequently travel to countries where the disease is prevalent, work closely with high-risk individuals (e.g., people who use drugs), or suffer from chronic liver diseases with a high risk of mortality.

For Hepatitis B, vaccination is now mandatory in Italy by age 12 and is recommended for individuals at higher risk of infection (e.g., people who use drugs, healthcare workers).

For all three types of hepatitis (A, B, and C), the best way to reduce the risk of infection is to pay attention to the risk factors that may promote the onset of the disease by adopting behaviors such as:

  • Drinking water from sealed bottles
  • Washing and thoroughly cooking food
  • Washing hands frequently, especially after using the bathroom and before eating
  • Never sharing needles or sharp instruments
  • Not sharing items that come into contact with bodily fluids
  • Using protective gloves when handling biological fluids

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What Are the Symptoms of Hepatitis A, B, and C?

Symptoms vary depending on the type of virus and the stage of infection. In some cases, hepatitis is asymptomatic, but it’s important to recognize the most common signs:

  • Fatigue and tiredness.
  • Abdominal pain.
  • Joint and muscle aches.
  • Fever.
  • Loss of appetite.
  • Jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes).
  • Nausea and vomiting.
  • Itching or hives.
  • Dark urine and pale stools.

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How Do You Diagnose Hepatitis A, B, and C?

Hepatitis A

To diagnose hepatitis A, the doctor will collect information about the patient's symptoms and medical history, perform a physical examination, and then request blood tests to detect IgM antibodies against hepatitis A, used to identify the disease in its acute phase, and IgG antibodies, which develop during recovery and remain in the blood for life. If needed, more in-depth tests such as ultrasound and liver biopsy may be requested.

Hepatitis B

The diagnosis, as with hepatitis A, is based on medical history collection, physical examination, and blood tests to identify specific markers such as viral antigens and antibodies. If necessary, an ultrasound and liver biopsy may also be performed.

Hepatitis C

After the examination and collection of symptoms and clinical history, the doctor may prescribe blood tests for specific anti-HCV antibodies, transaminases, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). If needed, an ultrasound and liver biopsy will be requested.

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How Do You Treat Hepatitis A, B, and C?

Hepatitis A

There is no specific cure, and it often resolves on its own. If diagnosed early, antiviral medications and a light diet may be prescribed to help the body eliminate the virus more quickly.

Hepatitis B

It usually clears up spontaneously. When it doesn't and the illness becomes chronic, antiviral treatments are prescribed. In more serious cases, an organ transplant may be required.

Hepatitis C

This is the most serious form. Often asymptomatic, it can gradually damage the liver over time. It’s treated with specific antiviral medications, which are effective but may have side effects. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.

Hepatitis and Liver Transplant

All types of hepatitis, if left untreated, can seriously compromise the liver. In advanced cases, a transplant may be needed. However, today’s available treatments are very effective and often prevent this outcome.

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Reviewed July 2025.