Can the Risk of Alzheimer’s Be Reduced? Interview with Dr. Sofia Diana.
As we age, the brain undergoes changes that can affect memory, thinking, and relationships. However, Alzheimer’s disease is not a normal part of aging—it is a form of dementia caused by brain changes that impair communication between neurons.
There is currently no definitive cure, but the risk can be reduced through targeted strategies. We discuss this with Dr. Sofia Diana, a specialist in neuropsychology and psychotherapy at UPMC Salvator Mundi International Hospital, an expert in the assessment and neuropsychological rehabilitation of patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
Dr. Diana, according to the Italian National Institute of Health, about 1.2 million people in Italy suffer from dementia, and 50–60% of cases are Alzheimer’s. Can you explain what it is?
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia. It is a neurodegenerative condition that progressively destroys nerve cells, especially in the areas of the brain responsible for learning and memory. It is not a natural part of aging, although age is the main risk factor (especially over 65). However, there are also early-onset forms that appear between the ages of 40 and 50.
It is a progressive disease: in the early stages, mild memory or language problems may appear, but in advanced stages, the patient may lose the ability to carry out daily activities, autonomy, and even recognize loved ones.
What causes Alzheimer’s disease?
In early-onset forms, there may be a genetic component, but in most cases, the causes are not yet fully understood. Several risk factors have been identified, in addition to aging and gender (women are more affected), including:
- advanced age,
- female gender,
- family history,
- environmental factors and lifestyle.
Biologically, the main mechanisms involve the abnormal accumulation of beta-amyloid and Tau proteins in the brain, which contribute to neuron death and cognitive deficits.
Dr. Diana, can Alzheimer’s be prevented?
There is no guaranteed method to prevent Alzheimer’s, but its risk can be reduced through preventive activities.
The first step is adopting a healthy lifestyle: a balanced diet and physical activity help keep the brain healthy and reduce the risk of conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and high cholesterol.
It is equally important to train cognitive functions, maintain an active social life by fostering relationships and engaging in activities such as reading, crosswords, theater, and hobbies.
Finally, when a diagnosis is made, neuropsychological rehabilitation or cognitive stimulation is among the preferred treatment options, alongside pharmacological therapy, to slow decline and improve the quality of life for patients and caregivers.
It can be individual or group-based and includes cognitive stimulation activities (memory, language, attention, executive functions such as planning and organization, cognitive flexibility, and abstract thinking).
Can you explain what a neuropsychological assessment involves?
A neuropsychological assessment is a clinical examination that, through standardized tests and specialist observations, analyzes a person’s main cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functions. It helps identify early signs of cognitive decline, monitor disease progression, and plan personalized treatments.
In Alzheimer’s, it is essential because it allows for early detection of symptoms and timely intervention to slow the progression of decline.
What does neuropsychological therapy for Alzheimer’s involve?
Neuropsychological therapy is based on brain plasticity, the brain’s ability to adapt even in the presence of a neurodegenerative disease.
Its goals are:
- to slow cognitive decline,
- stimulate remaining functions,
- teach compensatory strategies for daily activities,
- maintain autonomy for as long as possible.
It can be individual or group-based and includes cognitive (memory, language, attention), physical, and social stimulation activities. A crucial aspect is also supporting and training family members in symptom management.
If you or a loved one are experiencing memory problems, cognitive or language difficulties, speak with a doctor. Early diagnosis is essential for timely intervention.
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